• Electromagnetic Waves Pdf

1. Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied.
2. Electromagnetic Spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation according to energy,. 6.15 Summary 116 7. 8.6 Plane electromagnetic waves in free space 150. Electromagnetism for Electronic Engineers 1. Electromagnetics and Applications David H. 15 1.3 Gausss Law. 2.2 Electromagnetic waves in the time domain.

Electromagnetic Waves Pdf

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• DSN
  

  Definition: DSN (Deep Space network) is a network of large antennas and communication facilities, developed and established in the US by the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). It is spread across the world to support communication with spacecrafts on interplanetary missions. The DSN also provides the ability to support some Earth-orbiting missions (at Sun-Earth LaGrange points, at lunar distances, and in highly elliptical Earth orbits). DSN (Deep Space network) is a network of large antennas and communication facilities, developed and established in the US by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). It is spread across the world, to support communication with spacecrafts on interplanetary missions. The DSN also provides the ability to support some Earth-orbiting missions (at Sun-Earth LaGrange points, at lunar distances, and in highly elliptical Earth orbits). Description: Over the years, DSN has helped in improving our understanding of the universe and the solar system by providing vital radio and radar astronomy observations. The first network for DSN was established by NASA’s Jet propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in January 1958. Three portable radio tracking stations were deployed in California, Nigeria and Singapore to support receiving telemetry and plotting orbit of the first successful U.S. satellite, Explorer 1. DSN presently consists of three strategically placed communications facilities approximately 120 degrees apart from each other around the Earth. This strategic placement helps in constant uninterrupted observation of the spacecraft as the earth rotates, by smooth handover from one site to another. The three sites are situated at Goldstone in California (USA), Madrid in Spain, and Canberra in Australia. These sites were chosen because of their bowl shaped semi-mountainous terrain which helps in shielding radio frequency interruptions. The DSN has high-gain parabolic reflector antennas that are fully steerable and make it the largest and most sensitive scientific telecommunications network in the world. These powerful antennas assist in acquiring telemetry and scientific data from spacecraft, transmitting commands and uploading software modifications to spacecraft, tracking position/velocity of spacecraft, and performing various experiments. Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) was inaugurated on 17th October 2008. It is located in Byalalu village, about 40 km from Bengaluru. Similar networks are run by Japan, Russia, China, and Europe.

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• GAGAN
  

  Definition: GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) is a step by the Indian Government towards initial Satellite-based Navigation Services in India. It is a system to improve the accuracy of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver by providing reference signals. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) have collaborated to develop the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) as a regional Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS). The GAGAN's goal is to provide a navigation system to assist aircraft in accurate landing over the Indian airspace and in the adjoining area and applicable to safety-to-life civil operations. GAGAN is inter-operable with other international SBAS systems. Description: GAGAN Payload is now operational. The satellites GSAT-8 and GSAT-10 satellites have the GAGAN payloads. The third payload of the system will be launched with GSAT-15 satellite which is scheduled for launch in late of 2015. The total approximate cost of the project is Rs 7.74 billion ($117 million) and is being created in three phases since 2008. GAGAN is the first Satellite-Based Augmentation System in the world which has been certified for approach with vertical guidance operating in the equatorial ionospheric region. GAGAN covers the area from Africa to Australia and has expansion capability for seamless navigation services across the region. GAGAN provides accuracy, availability, and integrity essential for each phase of flight, en route the approach for airports within the GAGAN service volume. This makes airline operations more efficient and effective, increase air safety, and fuel efficiency. Further, with vertical guidance at runways, a significant cost will be saved due to withdrawal of ground aids and reduced workload of airline crew and traffic controllers. One essential component of the GAGAN project is the study of the ionospheric behaviour over the Indian region. GAGAN ionospheric algorithm was developed by ISRO. This makes India the third country in the world which has such precisionapproach capabilities. GAGAN has been developed for aviation but it will provide benefits to other sectors as well like transportation, railways, surveying, maritime, highways, telecom industry, and security agencies.

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